ちなみに、この for anything they know をざっとネット検索してみると、ジョン・ ロックの『寛容についての手紙』がヒットします。↓
Letters on Toleration - 232 ページ - Google ブック検索結果 google.co.jp https://books.google.co.jp › books John Locke · 1867 · ‎Religious tolerance ... for anything they know , may be false , or for rejecting another ( if that be the case ) which , for anything they know , may be true , till they have ...
本の名前は「On Liberty - A Translation to Modern English」
>The struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature of the earliest history with which we are familiar, particularly that of Greece, Rome and England.
ここはもう一つの現代英語版と同じ解釈になってる(>>27) 今のところ「薬袋&ChatGPT vs 現代英語版(pdf)&現代英語版(アマゾン) 」という2対2の構図 おそらく原文が曖昧なせいでどちらにも読めてしまうのだと思われる
>Once they have succeeded in getting their creed taught from authority, they naturally think that no good, and some harm, comes of allowing it to be questioned.
have succeeded inとあるので、getting their creed taught from authorityは「自分の信条を権威に認めさせ、権威として広める」という意味で解釈していると思われる
>Leaving this possibility aside, however, and assuming that the true opinion abides in the mind, but abides as a prejudice, a belief independent of, and proof against, argument, this is not the way in which truth ought to be held by a rational being.
原文のWaiving, however, this possibilityはLeaving this possibility aside(この可能性はさておき)と解釈されている
>But when we turn to subjects infinitely more complicated - to morals, religion, politics, social relations, and the business of life - three-fourths of the arguments for every disputed opinion consist in dispelling the arguments favouring a different opinion.
People hold strong views about regulation, but do they know what “regulation” means? National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) is a landmark in regulation jurisprudence, yet the NFIB Court was divided over the meaning of the term “to regulate.” Long ago, John Stuart Mill observed that “we do not [always] understand the grounds of our opinion. But when we turn to . . . morals, religion, politics, social relations, and the business of life, three-fourths of the arguments for every disputed opinion consist in dispelling the appearances which favor some opinion different from it.” The controversy and confusion about regulation illustrate the phenomenon. This Essay explores the meaning of the term “regulation.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256033442_What_Is_Regulation
FumbleFingersは、"dispelling the appearances"はプラトーが提唱した"save the appearances"という科学的手法が元ネタだという解釈 (この人とはうまく会話が成り立たなくてよくわからなかった)
>What did Plato mean with the phrase “saving the appearances”? >it means that, when formulating a theory about a situation, you need to ensure that it includes all the observations you have made of that situation. https://www.quora.com/What-did-Plato-mean-with-the-phrase-saving-the-appearances
要するに“saving the appearances”は、観測された事実(observed facts)に沿って、そこから逸脱しないように客観的に仮説を構築しましょう という科学におけるルールのようなものだと思うんだけど、そうするとthe appearances = the observed facts ということになるはず しかしそのことを尋ねたらFumbleFingersは
No. Appearances refers to a hypothesis which satisfactorily explains the observed facts, as the definition says. 「いや、Appearancesは、定義に書かれているように、観測された事実を十分に説明する仮説のことを指している」
いや、あなたが提示した定義はsave the appearancesについての定義であってappearancesの定義じゃないでしょと appearancesだけの意味を考えたらobserverd factsの意味になるはずでしょと、そう指摘したんだけど
That's not how I read it. note that the definition says "saving the appearances" is said of a hypothesis which satisfactorily explains the observed facts. 「それは私の読み方ではありません。定義には「"saving the appearances"=観測された事実を十分に説明する仮説」と書かれていることに注意してください」
いやいや、あなたさっき「観測された事実を十分に説明する仮説」はappearancesの定義だって言ったでしょ なんで今度はsaving the appearancesの定義だと言い始めたんだ ってことを聞いたら
I can't help you with that question. The usages here don't correspond to anything that I know about how English works 「その質問には答えられない。この用法は私が知っている英語の仕組みとはかけ離れている」
ミルの文章のこの段落では、一応2項対立のイメージが含まれていると思えます。 つまり、一方には appearances に属するもの、すなわち、 common inclination fluently seemingly apparently strong などがあり、そして、これらに対比されるべき real actually plausible persuasive completely informed in the strongest light the strongest arguments などがあります。
It was because the Lord possessed, in states of glorification, a Divine perception of all things which were taking place,-in heaven, on earth, and in His own mind and body,-that He was able to meet and subjugate the bells, gradually dissipating their fallacies, dispelling the appearances of truth by which they deceive men ... https://newchristianbiblestudy.org/bundles/ncbsw/on-deck/english/new-church-life/1922_HTML.htm
MRI appearances which favour hydrosalpinx, comprise of dilated fallopian tubes which are hypointense on T1W and hyperintense on T2W sequences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340268880_Niche_role_of_MRI_in_the_evaluation_of_female_infertility#pf2
"MRI appearances which favour hydrosalpinx" 「卵管留水腫を支持するMRI所見」
このappearancesはobservationsやevidence?
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Yet I looked in vain in the Eifel for any appearances which could lend support to the hypothesis, 「その仮説を支持するようなappearancesは見つけられなかった」
But, although I know of no invincible objection to such an hypothesis, there are certainly no appearances which favour it. 「そのような仮説に対する揺るぎない反論については知らないが、その仮説を支持するようなappearancesもない」 https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/PrinciplesofGeology_11182126.pdf
Viewed as a whole the Breccia Cave has the appearance of being an irregular chasm extending downwards into the earth and filled up for the most part with loose red earth or solid brecia. Near the surface we find hard red breccia, in which bones are exceedingly abundant, but perfect specimens cannot be detached owing to their brittle state and the toughness of the matrix. But underground the deposit is loose and forms either a dry red powder from which the bones can be a sifted clean, or else a slightly tenacious clay in which the bones are covered with a hard reddish calcareous crust. On the whole, the bones are more plentiful in the upper portions, and become scarcer as the depth increases, which would lead to the suppo- sition that they were originally deposited near the surface, and there are other appearances which favour this view. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63113645
↑the Breccia Caveという洞窟を調査する話
the Breccia Cave has the appearance of ... 「その角礫岩洞穴は〜という見た目をしている」
On the whole, the bones are more plentiful in the upper portions, and become scarcer as the depth increases, which would lead to the supposition that they were originally deposited near the surface, and there are other appearances which favour this view. . 「全体として、骨は洞窟の上部のほうが豊富であり、深くなるほど少なくなるため、骨はもともと表層近くに堆積していたと推察される。この見方を支持するappearancesはほかにもある」
The coast is here low, & seems to tempt an Invasion, & we met with no appearance of these stones further in the Country. besides I do not know what foundation we have to suppose our pictish ancestry were so exceedingly religious —there are no appearances which favour such a notion from the present conduct of the people, 「我々のピクト人の先祖が過剰に宗教的だったと推察する根拠はない。人々の現在のふるまいから推察するに、そのような考えを支持するappearancesはない」 https://editions.curioustravellers.ac.uk/doc/0054
This mode of thought, or rather perhaps of feeling, was common among the last generation of European liberalism, in the Continental section of which it still apparently predominates. [...] A similar tone of sentiment might by this time have been prevalent in our own country, if the circumstances which for a time encouraged it, had continued unaltered.
薬袋氏(p129)によると、このmight by this time have beenは「ミルが書き間違えた」とのこと なぜなら「今日までには広まっていたかもしれなかったのに(実際にはまだ広まっていない)」と言うと、広まるというプロセスがまだ終了しておらず、まだ一度も広まっていないということを含意するため、「前世代ヨーロッパの自由主義者の間では普通だった(前世代においてすでに広まっていた)」という記述と矛盾するから 正しくは「(前世代から引き続き)今もなお広まっていたかもしれないのに」とならなければならず、つまり、"might still at this time have been"と書かなければならない これは「現在と反対の帰結」であるため、仮定法過去の帰結(=助動詞の過去形+動詞の原形、つまりmight be)で表すべきと思われる人もいるかも知れないが、結論としてはmight beは極めて不自然で、might have beenが正しい
というようなことを言っている
ところがアマゾンで買った現代英語版を当たってみると、might still beと書き換えられていて、薬袋氏の記述と矛盾している
In our own country indeed, an aversion to limiting governmental power might still be prevalent were it not for the fact that the circumstances that for a time encouraged such an aversion have changed.
>>15でわからないと言った "which wait upon a great existing fact" について薬袋氏の解説と、現代英語版との比較
原文:In time, however, a democratic republic came to occupy a large portion of the earth's surface, and made itself felt as one of the most powerful members of the community of nations; and elective and responsible government became subject to the observations and criticisms which wait upon a great existing fact.
薬袋氏の訳「その結果、選挙による責任政治(という観念)は、大きな事実が存在すれば必然的に生じる観察と批判を受けることになった」 wait uponは「必然的に伴う」 greatは単にbigという意味で「偉大な」という意味ではない a democratic republicはアメリカ合衆国を指す
現代英語版1: In time, however, a democratic republic came to occupy a large part of the earth’s surface, and made itself felt as one of the most powerful members of the community of nations; and elected and responsible government became subject to the scrutiny and criticisms that any great existing fact is likely to draw on itself.
draw upon 〈破滅などを〉〔身に〕招く 〔on,upon〕 https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/draw+upon
現代英語版2:In time, however, a democratic republic came to occupy a large portion of the earth's surface. It made it self felt as one of the most powerful members of the community of nations, and elective and responsible government became subject to the observations and criticism that attend anything that becomes familiar.