One key challenge for inflation is the singularity problem. If inflation is realized by the dynamics of scalar matter fields coupled to Einstein gravity, then the HawkingPenrose singularity theorems [7] can be extended [8] to show that an inflationary universe is geodesically past incomplete. Thus, there necessarily is a singularity before the onset of inflation. Hence, the inflationary scenario cannot yield the complete history of the very early universe. A bouncing cosmological scenario naturally avoids this singularity problem, although at the cost of having to introduce new physics to obtain the bounce
Inflationary paradigm in trouble after Planck2013 https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.2785
Recent results from the Planck satellite combined with earlier observations from WMAP, ACT, SPT and other experiments eliminate a wide spectrum of more complex inflationary models and favor models with a single scalar field, as reported by the Planck Collaboration. More important, though, is that all the simplest inflaton models are disfavored statistically relative to those with plateau-like potentials. We discuss how a restriction to plateau-like models has three independent serious drawbacks: it exacerbates both the initial conditions problem and the multiverse-unpredictability problem and it creates a new difficulty that we call the inflationary "unlikeliness problem." Finally, we comment on problems reconciling inflation with a standard model Higgs, as suggested by recent LHC results. In sum, we find that recent experimental data disfavors all the best-motivated inflationary scenarios and introduces new, serious difficulties that cut to the core of the inflationary paradigm. Forthcoming searches for B-modes, non-Gaussianity and new particles should be decisive.
とりあえず問題の辻褄を合わせるために一時的に作られたのがマルチバース理論なわけだ 空想物理学（"all structures that exist mathematically exist also physically"）は現代版エーテルに過ぎず否定されるのは時間の問題だろう
観測できないエーテルにすべて説明を投げてそれで開き直るわけだが、それが真実から遠ざかるだけだろう
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density (the small value of the cosmological constant) and theoretical large value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory.
Depending on the Planck energy cutoff and other factors, the discrepancy is as high as 120 orders of magnitude, [1] a state of affairs described by physicists as "the largest discrepancy between theory and experiment in all of science"[1] and "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics."[2]
https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01740 Apparent evidence for Hawking points in the CMB Sky Daniel An, Krzysztof A. Meissner, Roger Penrose (Submitted on 6 Aug 2018) This paper presents powerful observational evidence of anomalous individual points in the very early universe that appear to be sources of vast amounts of energy, revealed as specific signals found in the CMB sky. Though seemingly problematic for cosmic inflation, the existence of such anomalous points is an implication of conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC), as what could be the Hawking points of the theory, these being the effects of the final Hawking evaporation of supermassive black holes in the aeon prior to ours. Although of extremely low temperature at emission, in CCC this radiation is enormously concentrated by the conformal compression of the entire future of the black hole, resulting in a single point at the crossover into our current aeon, with the emission of vast numbers of particles, whose effects we appear to be seeing as the observed anomalous points. Remarkably, the B-mode location found by BICEP 2 is at one of these anomalous points.
https://www.sciencealert.com/penrose-b-mode-hawking-points-sign-previous-universe-in-conformal-cyclic-cosmology We shouldn't be quick to call this solid evidence quite yet. The study is available on the pre-peer review website arxiv.org, where it's drawing attention among the physics community.
ペンローズ博士の共形サイクリック宇宙論によれば、宇宙のはじまりと終わりは時間 も空間も感じないの「永遠」の世界だという。博士はラテン語の「永遠」にちなんで この宇宙周期を「aeon」と名付けた。 某大手ショッピングセンターの名前がこの「aeon」 にちなんでいるのなら、そのネーミングセンスに感動する。 @Back to the past
New research published late last year by scholars at Harvard University and Indiana University Bloomington is just the latest to reveal the myth. This research questioned the “secularization thesis,” which holds that the United States is following most advanced industrial nations in the death of their once vibrant faith culture. Churches becoming mere landmarks, dance halls, boutique hotels, museums, and all that.
Not only did their examination find no support for this secularization in terms of actual practice and belief, the researchers proclaim that religion continues to enjoy “persistent and exceptional intensity” in America. These researchers hold our nation “remains an exceptional outlier and potential counter example to the secularization thesis.”
全世界でキリスト教徒は2050年までに30億人に
Christian population growth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_population_growth#Europe
Christian population growth is the population growth of the global Christian community. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.19 billion Christians around the world in 2010, more than three times as much from the 600 million recorded in 1910, however this rate of growth is slower than the overall population growth over the same time period.[1] According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to be 3.0 billion.[2]
From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelical Protestants grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam.[3]
As an example, the study showed that in 1991, 37 percent of Russian and 39 percent of Ukrainian identified as Orthodox, respectively. However, in 2015, that percentage almost doubled in both cases to 71 percent of Russians and 78 percent of Ukrainians.
Though Christianity has bloomed following the fall of the Soviet Union, nowadays it is Christians in Communist China who are heavily targeted by the atheistic regime.
Being Christian in Western Europe The majority of Europe’s Christians are non-practicing, but they differ from religiously unaffiliated people in their views on God, attitudes toward Muslims and immigrants, and opinions about religion’s role in society www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/喜びのニュース宣教会 韓国のキリスト教の土壌から発生した新宗教団体であり、1984年3月14日に創設された。 According to the church webpage, it has 178 churches in South Korea and 582 international churches.[3]（推定5万人）
Minjung theology In recent years, this struggle has taken the form of Minjung theology.... but also incorporates the traditional Korean feeling of han, a word that has no exact English translation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome. With 70.4 million members, it is the largest religious denomination in the United States of America, comprising 22% of the population as of 2017.[1]
Turkey RAGES at Trump for choosing pastor over NATO partner as Erdogan stands firm TURKEY’S leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan said the US was WRONG to choose the American pastor on trial in Turkey over NATO. By ALAHNA KINDRED PUBLISHED: 15:08, Sat, Aug 11, 2018 | UPDATED: 17:59, Sat, Aug 11, 2018
https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases/russia-uscirf-condemns-enactment-anti-terrorism-laws “These deeply flawed anti-terrorism measures will buttress the Russian government’s war against human rights and religious freedom,” said USCIRF Chair Thomas J. Reese, S.J. “They will make it easier for Russian authorities to repress religious communities, stifle peaceful dissent, and detain and imprison people. Neither these measures nor the currently existing anti-extremism law meet international human rights and religious freedom standards.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill The New Testament acknowledges the just and proper role of civil government in maintaining justice[45] and punishing evildoers, even to the point of "bearing the sword."[46] One criminal on the cross contrasts his death as due punishment with Jesus’ death as an innocent man.[47] When Jesus appeared before Pilate, both Pilate[48] and the crowd[49] recognize the principles of bloodguilt. There is no indication in the New Testament that it is unjust, immoral, or inappropriate for secular civil governments to execute those guilty of shedding innocent blood.[50]
Like the Old Testament, the New Testament seems to depict the lawful use of force by soldiers in legitimate battles as justified.[51] The profession of soldier is used as a metaphor by Paul exhorting the Ephesians to "put on the full armor of God."[52] Cornelius, the Roman centurion, is portrayed as a righteous and God-fearing man.[53] Jesus praises the faith of a Roman centurion on the occasion of healing the centurion’s servant, and states that he has not found such great faith even in Israel.[54] When John the Baptist was preaching repentance and baptizing penitent sinners in the Jordan river, soldiers came to John and asked for specific instructions regarding their repentance. John the Baptist did not demand that the soldiers renounce their profession, instead he exhorted them to be content with their pay.[55]
https://acton.org/research/history-freedom-christianity That great political idea, sanctifying freedom and consecrating it to God, teaching men to treasure the liberties of others as their own, and to defend them for the love of justice and charity, more than as a claim of right, has been the soul of what is great and good in the progress of the last two hundred years. The cause of religion, even under the unregenerate influence of worldly passion, had as much to do as any clear notions of policy in making this country the foremost of the free. It had been the deepest current in the movement of 1641, and it remained the strongest motive that survived the reaction of 1660.
ローマカトリックのカテキズム2309/2310 www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm 2309 The strict conditions for legitimate defense by military force require rigorous consideration. The gravity of such a decision makes it subject to rigorous conditions of moral legitimacy. At one and the same time:
- the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain; - all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; - there must be serious prospects of success; - the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modem means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition.
These are the traditional elements enumerated in what is called the "just war" doctrine.
The evaluation of these conditions for moral legitimacy belongs to the prudential judgment of those who have responsibility for the common good.
2310 Public authorities, in this case, have the right and duty to impose on citizens the obligations necessary for national defense.
Those who are sworn to serve their country in the armed forces are servants of the security and freedom of nations. If they carry out their duty honorably, they truly contribute to the common good of the nation and the maintenance of peace.107
悪は自由と正義に反する連中だな、例えば共産主義を一言で言い表すなら
"The only good communist is a dead communist"（良い共産主義者は死んだ共産主義者だけだ） https://i.redditmedia.com/H43h0WE0j9zDVm8vTL2dwvKjBygKLhcej8RyVnfgTnw.jpg?s=6fb66d5c7705c517d46a13f86fd053a5
All men are created equal, ... 全ての人間は平等に作られた they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, ... 侵されざる権利を創造者が与えた life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
神の法則が律する独立国家どうしの対等な関係
WHEN, in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's GOD entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the Causes which impel them to the Separation.
創造者である神は自由、生命、幸福の追求の、侵されざる権利を全ての人に与えた
We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
聖書（Leviticus 25:10） Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you; each of you is to return to your family property and to your own clan.
Adam Smith Every part of nature, when attentively surveyed, equally demonstrates the providential care of its Author, and we admire the wisdom and goodness of God even in the weakness and folly of man.
the happiness of mankind, as well as all other rational creatures, seems to have been the original purpose intended by the author of nature, when he brought them into existence ... By acting according to the dictates of our moral faculties, we necessarily pursue the most effectual means for promoting the happiness of mankind, and may therefore be said, in some sense, to co-operate with the Deity, and to advance as far as in our power the plan of Providence.
Benjamin Franklin You will see in this my notion of good works, that I am far from expecting to merit heaven by them. By heaven we understand a state of happiness, infinite in degree, and eternal in duration: I can do nothing to deserve such rewards. He that for giving a draught of water to a thirsty person, should expect to be paid with a good plantation, would be modest in his demands, compared with those who think they deserve heaven for the little good they do on earth. Even the mixt imperfect pleasures we enjoy in this world, are rather from God’s goodness than our merit: how much more such happiness of heaven!
2 Corinthians 3:17 Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.
2 Peter 2:19 They promise them freedom, but they themselves are slaves of corruption. For whatever overcomes a person, to that he is enslaved.
1 Corinthians 6:12 “All things are lawful for me,” but not all things are helpful. “All things are lawful for me,” but I will not be enslaved by anything.
Romans 8:21 That the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption and obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God.
1 Peter 2:16 Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants of God.
1 Corinthians 10:29 I do not mean your conscience, but his. For why should my liberty be determined by someone else's conscience?
1 Corinthians 9:19 For though I am free from all, I have made myself a servant to all, that I might win more of them.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/03/upshot/which-country-do-americans-like-most-for-republicans-its-australia.html 「Places Americans say are allies」 Canada Australia UK France Ireland Italy Germany Sweden Norway Switzerland
F.D. Roosevelt "Those forces hate democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization. They oppose democracy because it is Christian. They oppose Christianity because it preaches democracy. Their objective is to prevent democracy from becoming strong."
これらの勢力（ナチスと共産主義）は文明の2つの段階である民主主義とキリスト教を憎む
F.D. Roosevelt "Those forces hate Democracy and Christianity as two phases of the same civilization."
F.D. Roosevelt "I am certain that the rank and file of patriotic Republicans do not realize the nature of this threat. They should remember, and we must remember, what the collaborative understanding between Communism and Nazism has done to the processes of democracy abroad"
ナチスは神の否定をする共産主義者たちと同じように無慈悲である
F.D. Roosevelt "The Nazis are as ruthless as the Communists in the denial of God."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea Religion in South Korea (2015)[1] (Note: Percentages are rounded.) No affiliation (56.1%) Protestantism (19.7%) Buddhism (27.8%) Catholicism (7.9%) Other (0.8%)
池田信夫 blog : 「科学革命」はなかった 2013年04月22日12:24 Amazon | God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science | James Hannam | Medieval 「オッカムの剃刀」によってアリストテレスの自然哲学という「不純物」がキリスト教から除かれ… コペルニクスやガリレオが否定したのはアリストテレスの自然哲学であり、… 強く信仰していたニュートンだった。かれは『プリンキピア』の序文で「本書の目的は神が天地創造された意図をさぐることである」と明言し、 自然はギリシャ自然哲学のいうような多神教的な混乱した秩序ではなく、神の創造した例外のない唯一の秩序に従っていることを証明した。 つまり近代科学はカトリック教会に反抗して生まれた「革命」ではなく、むしろキリスト教に混じっていた異教的な要素を取り除き、神学的に純化した結果なのだ。… 現代の宇宙論が、スコラ神学に似てくるのも偶然ではない。
↓ オッカムのウィリアム - Wikipedia 「オッカムの剃刀」の提唱者として知られている。… オッカムの神論は個人的啓示と信仰のみに基づいていた(彼は信仰と理性が矛盾しないという考えを支持していた)。 科学のみが発見の方法であり、科学のみが神を唯一の存在論的必然物とみなすことができると彼は信じていた[6]。 https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0
ニュートン「神は普遍的な存在である。神は力だけでなく物質的にも遍在しており、力は物体なく存続できない。」（プリンシピア） God is the same God, always and everywhere. He is omnipresent not virtually only, but also substantially, for virtue cannot subsist without substance. - Isaac Newton - BrainyQuote https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/isaac_newton_737900
アインシュタイン 「物理学はいかに創られたか （上）」岩波書店 （英名：The Evolution Of Physics） 直観の命ずる推理法が誤っていて運動の間違った観念に導き，この観念が何世紀の間も行なわれたのです。 このような直観が長く信じられていたおもな理由は恐らくアリストテレスの思想が全欧州に有力であったからでしょう。 二千年間彼の著書と考えられて来た『力学』書の中に次のように書かれています。 運動体はこれを押す力がその働きを失った時に静止する。 ガリレイが科学的論理を発見してこれを用いたということは思想史上の最も重要な大業の一つであって， これが真の意味における物理学の第一歩となっています。 Full text of "The Evolution Of Physics" - Internet Archive The method of reasoning dictated by intui- tion was wrong and led to false ideas of motion which were held for centuries. Aristotle's great authority throughout Europe was perhaps the chief reason for THE RISE OF THE MECHANICAL VIEW ^ the long belief in this intuitive idea. We read in the Mechanics , for two thousand years attributed to him: The moving body comes to a standstill when the force which pushes it along can no longer so act as to push it. The discovery and use of scientific reasoning by Galileo was one of the most important achievements in the history of human thought, and marks the real beginning of physics. https://archive.org/stream/evolutionofphysi033254mbp/evolutionofphysi033254mbp_djvu.txt
The speculative line of demarcation where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin is faint, obscure, and not easily definable. It is not a single act, or a single event, which determines it. Governments must be abused and deranged, indeed, before it can be thought of; and the prospect of the future must be as bad as the experience of the past. When things are in that lamentable condition, the nature of the disease is to indicate the remedy to those whom nature has qualified to administer in extremities this critical, ambiguous, bitter potion to a distempered state. Times and occasions and provocations will teach their own lessons. The wise will determine from the gravity of the case; the irritable, from sensibility to oppression; the high-minded, from disdain and indignation at abusive power in unworthy hands; the brave and bold, from the love of honorable danger in a generous cause; but, with or without right, a revolution will be the very last resource of the thinking and the good. --Edmund Burke
Far am I from denying in theory, full as far is my heart from withholding in practice (if I were of power to give or to withhold) the real rights of men. In denying their false claims of right, I do not mean to injure those which are real, and are such as their pretended rights would totally destroy. If civil society be made for the advantage of man, all the advantages for which it is made become his right. It is an institution of beneficence; and law itself is only beneficence acting by a rule. Men have a right to live by that rule; they have a right to do justice, as between their fellows, whether their fellows are in public function or in ordinary occupation. They have a right to the fruits of their industry and to the means of making their industry fruitful. ---Edmund Burke
Burke and Natural Rights Edmund Burke was at once a chief exponent of the Ciceronian doctrine of natural law and a chief opponent of the “rights of man.” In our time, which is experiencing simultaneously a revival of interest in natural-law theory and an enthusiasm for defining “human rights” that is exemplified by the United Nations' lengthy declaration, Burke's view of the natural juridic order deserves close attention.
Unlike Bolingbroke and Hume, whose outward politics in some respects resembled the great Whig statesman's, Burke was a pious man. “The most important questions about the human race Burke answered … from the Church of England's catechism.” He takes for granted a Christian cosmos, in which a just God has established moral principles for man's salvation. God has given man law, and with that law, rights; such, succinctly, is Burke's premise in all moral and juridical questions.
A theological defence of Burkean conservatism and a critique of contractarian liberalism https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9a3edb44-5ad3-462c-a0c0-268f933b3df1
Secondly, I have analysed the theological content of Burke's political thought, demonstrating that Burke's political thought emerged from his Christian faith and his concomitant belief in the natural law. I have argued that, as a result, there is a profound consonance between the central principles of the Christian faith and the conservative tradition which followed Burke.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne Einhard tells in his twenty-fourth chapter:
The subjects of the readings were the stories and deeds of olden time: he was fond, too, of St. Augustine's books, and especially of the one entitled "The City of God".[119]
