>>17 つづき Particle physicists study matter made from fundamental particles whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles known as force carriers. At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other; however, even accepted versions such as the Unified field theory were known to be incomplete. One omission was that they could not explain the origins of mass as a property of matter. Goldstone's theorem, relating to continuous symmetries within some theories, also appeared to rule out many obvious solutions.[12]
The Higgs mechanism is a process by which vector bosons can get rest mass[Note 2] without explicitly breaking gauge invariance. The proposal for such a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism originally was suggested in 1962 by Philip Warren Anderson[13] and developed into a full relativistic model, independently and almost simultaneously, by three groups of physicists: by Francois Englert and Robert Brout in August 1964;[6] by Peter Higgs in October 1964;[5] and by Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble (GHK) in November 1964.[7] Properties of the model were further considered by Guralnik in 1965 [14] and by Higgs in 1966.[15] The papers showed that when a gauge theory is combined with an additional field that spontaneously breaks the symmetry group, the gauge bosons can consistently acquire a finite mass. In 1967, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam were the first to apply the Higgs mechanism to the breaking of the electroweak symmetry, and showed how a Higgs mechanism could be incorporated into Sheldon Glashow's electroweak theory, [16][17][18] in what became the Standard Model of particle physics. つづく
